Ap chem 2023 answers

(aq), which has a dark purple color. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction that occurred during the titration is shown above. a. Identify the species that was reduced in the titration reaction. Justify your answer in terms of oxidation numbers. b. The student used a 50.0 mL buret to add the KMnO

CHM Exam 3 Answer Key 8. CHM Exam 3 Answer Key 1. CHM Exam 3 Answer Key 10. CHM Exam 3 Answer Key 3. The First Law Of Thermodynamics 2. CHM 121 Lab Density of Nails Baby Oil and More Full SP21. On Studocu you find all the lecture notes, summaries and study guides you need to pass your exams with better grades.AP Classroom is a online platform that offers teachers and students access to AP courses, exams, and resources. AP Classroom helps students develop the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in college and beyond. AP Classroom also provides feedback, practice, and support for AP exams, as well as video lessons, assignments, and quizzes for …Download free-response questions from past AP Chemistry exams, along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions.Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. AP Central is the oficial online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org. AP® Chemistry 2022 Scoring Guidelines. Question 4: Short Answer. 4 points. For a correct calculated value: 1L × 0.0016 g × 1 …These official exams come from before 2013 (when significant changes were made to the AP Chemistry curriculum), so they're formatted slightly differently from the current test. They have 75 multiple-choice questions (there are now 60) and six free-response questions (there are now seven). There are also five answer choices for each multiple ...Directions: Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions that require about 9 minutes each to answer and are worth 4 points each. For each question, show your work for each part in the space provided after that part.Include units with your answer. q = mc T = (110.0 g)(4.18 J/(g·°C))(35.6°C 15.0°C) 1 point is earned for the correct setup. 1 point is earned for the = 9,470 J = 9.47 kJ correct answer with units. (ii) Determine the value of Hsoln for LiCl in kJ/molrxn. point is earned for the number of moles of LiCl.When Yahoo Answers, one of the internet’s last bastions of unfiltered, crowdsourced advice, is shut down on May 4, the site will not be archived. The digital equivalent of the Libr...

The AP Chemistry Exam has consistent question types, weighting, and scoring guidelines every year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day. Starting with the 2023 exam, a scientific or graphing calculator is recommended for use on both sections of the exam. Section I: Multiple Choice. 60 Questions | 1 Hour 30 minutes | 50% of ...What is a good AP® Chemistry score? Scores of 3, 4, or 5 are considered “passing” scores on the AP® Chemistry Exam. The College Board describes a 3 as ‘qualified,’ 4 as ‘well qualified,’ and a 5 as ‘extremely well qualified.’. Scores of 3 or higher may qualify you for college credit, but many colleges and universities will ...Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions …The most popular and best-selling NFT collections this week have some new entries along with proven collections staying in the top 10. The most popular collections this week includ...AP Chem exam for 2023 will be held on Monday, May 1 2023 at 12:00 pm local time. Which is the most important unit in AP chemistry? While all units are important, the College Board generally places more emphasis on Units 3-6, which cover intermolecular forces, chemical reactions, kinetics, and thermodynamics.A minimum of 16 lab investigations with descriptive titles must be listed. AND. A minimum of six investigations must be identified as guided inquiry. Advanced Placement Chemistry Sample Syllabus #1. 11. Determination of the Order, Rate Constant, and Activation Energy for a Clock Reaction.In this experiment, the final pressure in the container was 1.04 atm, which was the same final pressure as in the first experiment. (a) Calculate the number of moles of CO2(g) present in the container after 20 minutes of heating. PV = nRT PV = n = (1.04 atm)(1.00 L) RT (0.0821 L atm )(1100 K) = 0.0115 mol CO 2.

To predict your possible AP Chemistry score, use the sliders below to adjust the 1 multiple-choice section and 7 free response questions. The curve for this score calculator is based on the most recently available scoring guidelines. You may also wish to check out our AP Biology score calculator. Section I: Multiple Choice. 30 /60. 0 /60 60 /60.AP Chemistry; AP Calculus AB; AP Calculus BC; A Level Menu Toggle. A Level Math (9709) A level Bio (9700) ... Therefore, the correct answer is A. I and II only. 2023-May-Chemistry_paper_1__TZ1_SL. Topic:Gas Laws. Calculate: molar mass of a gas according to the following experimental data? ...Understanding stress can be stressful. Psych Central answered your frequently asked questions about stress. Most folks feel stressed out at some point, but you may have questions l...Question 1 is based on the accompanying documents. The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise. In your response you should do the following. Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.AP FRQ WORKED ANSWER ARCHIVE. Here you’ll find links to worked answers to FRQs from previous AP Chemistry exams. Every released FRQ from 1990 to 2023 has a worked answer. 2020 was a COVID interrupted year, and no formal exam questions were released into the public domain by the College Board, although AP teachers do have access to questions ...AP Chemistry Periodic Table of the Elements Author: College Board Subject: AP Chemistry Periodic Table of the Elements Keywords: AP Chemistry Periodic Table of the Elements; exam resources; teacher resources; student resources; course resources; exam practice; exam preparation; 2020; Created Date: 4/21/2020 9:00:32 PM

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(ii) Using the balanced equation for the oxidation-reduction reaction and your answer to part (c), calculate the value of the enthalpy change of the reaction, H. rxnD. 0 , in . kJ/molrxn. Include the appropriate algebraic sign with your answer.Subject Guides. Learn about the AP Chemistry essentials. These are things that you should have memorized to succeed in AP Chemistry. We'll cover everything from nomenclature to energy to significant figures. With this review, you'll be more than ready to tackle AP Chemistry!Try it free. In this video, Mr. Krug gives his walkthrough for FRQ Number 1 on the 2023 AP Chemistry Exam.00:00 Introduction00:47 Problem Walkthrough. Part (f)(ii) required students to calculate the standard cell potential (E°cell) for the overall reaction occurring in the battery (ENE-6.A, 5.F). Question 1 (continued) Part (f)(iii) required students to calculate the change in Gibbs free energy part (f)(i), in units of kJ/molrxn, utilizing the mathematical relationship between. For the correct answer: 1 point. Electron flow should be indicated only in a counter-clockwise direction in the external circuit, from the Cl2 anode to the Mg cathode. (b) For the correct answer and calculated value: No, because 2.0 V is less than 3.73 V, which is the minimum voltage needed for electrolysis to occur.

The AP chemistry exam is a two-part exam designed to take about three hours. The first section has 60 multiple-choice questions. You will have 90 minutes to complete this section. The second part of the exam is the free-response section. You will begin this section after you have completed and turned in your multiple-choice scan sheet.The Princeton Review. 978-0-593-51629-4. $64.99 US. Paperback. Princeton Review. Nov 08, 2022. PREMIUM PRACTICE FOR A PERFECT 5—WITH THE MOST PRACTICE ONTHE MARKET! Equip yourself to ace the AP Chemistry Exam with The Princeton Review's comprehensive study guide—including 7 full-length practice tests (the MOST full-length tests on the ...Do you remember that there is one question it ask what is the data student needed to determine if the 25ml 0.1 HA (acid) during titration with 0.1 NaOH is weak acid or strong acid and there are answers like: A. Initial pH < 1 B. Initial pH > 1 C. Less than 0.1 NaOH needed D. More than 0.1 NaOH needed.CHM Exam 3 Answer Key 8. CHM Exam 3 Answer Key 1. CHM Exam 3 Answer Key 10. CHM Exam 3 Answer Key 3. The First Law Of Thermodynamics 2. CHM 121 Lab Density of Nails Baby Oil and More Full SP21. On Studocu you find all the lecture notes, summaries and study guides you need to pass your exams with better grades.The Princeton Review. 978-0-593-51792-5. $24.99 US. Paperback. Princeton Review. Dec 03, 2024. Princeton Review AP Psychology Premium Prep, 22nd Edition. For the NEW 2025 Exam: 3 Practice Tests + Digital Practice + Content Review.K = − log(6.3 × − 5 10 ) =. 4.20. 1 point. AP® Chemistry 2022 Scoring Guidelines. (h) For a curve that shows a correct starting and half-equivalence point, consistent with part (g): The curve starts at pH ≈ 3.11 and passes through the p K a calculated in part (g) at 5 mL . See example response below. 1 point.May 18, 2021 ... Dr V shares her strategies and tips for completing free response question #6 from the 2018 AP Chemistry exam.Directions: Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions that require about 9 minutes each to answer and are worth 4 points each. For each question, show your work for each part in the space provided after that part.Apr 21, 2023 · To predict your possible AP Chemistry score, use the sliders below to adjust the 1 multiple-choice section and 7 free response questions. The curve for this score calculator is based on the most recently available scoring guidelines. You may also wish to check out our AP Biology score calculator. Section I: Multiple Choice. 30 /60. 0 /60 60 /60. If you’re curious about the Catholic faith or have questions that need answering, you’ve come to the right place. In this ultimate guide to Catholic answers, we will address freque...Stop working and put your pencil down. Close your exam booklet and put your answer sheet faceup on your desk. Make sure your AP ID label and AP Exam label are on your answer sheet. Sit quietly while I collect your answer sheets. Collect an answer sheet from each student.

In this video, Mr. Krug does a step-by-step walkthrough of Free-Response Question Number 5 on the 2023 AP Chemistry Exam.0:00 Introduction0:49 Problem Walkth...

Overview. Question 5 presented students with gas laws involving HCl gas, as well as representations of acid solutions. Part (a) involved using the ideal gas law for a sample of HCl(g). In part (a)(i) the number of moles of gas was calculated given the pressure, volume, and temperature. Part (a)(ii) utilized the calculated moles of gas from (a ...K = − log(6.3 × − 5 10 ) =. 4.20. 1 point. AP® Chemistry 2022 Scoring Guidelines. (h) For a curve that shows a correct starting and half-equivalence point, consistent with part (g): The curve starts at pH ≈ 3.11 and passes through the p K a calculated in part (g) at 5 mL . See example response below. 1 point. 1964. 1963. 1962. 1961. 1960. 2020 FRQs and ANSWERS. In 2020 the AP chemistry exam was COVID affected, and the exam was offered in an online format only, with approx. 30, different FRQs being used in various combinations in the exams. The questions that a particular teacher’s students were given were released to that individual teacher, but ... Apr 19, 2023 ... Dilutions, Beer's Law and sources of error, oh my! Dr V shares her strategies and tips for answering this short free response question from ...2023 AP Chem FRQ No. 1Here is how I would go about answering the first free response questions of the 2023 AP Chem exam. As well as my best guess as to wher...AP Chemistry; AP Calculus AB; AP Calculus BC; A Level Menu Toggle. A Level Math (9709) A level Bio (9700) ... Therefore, the correct answer is A. I and II only. 2023-May-Chemistry_paper_1__TZ1_SL. Topic:Gas Laws. Calculate: molar mass of a gas according to the following experimental data? ...Preparing for the 2024 AP Chemistry Exam. February 12, 2023. AP Chemistry is a rigorous course with a challenging exam, but with the right study tools and study approach, you can perform your best on test day. The AP Chemistry exam is 3 hours for regular time and 4.5 hours with extended time. Read on for study tips, and know that …In this video, Mr. Krug gives his detailed walkthrough for FRQ Problem #2 on the 2023 AP Chemistry Exam.00:00 Introduction00:49 Problem Walkthrough.

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Unit 3 - Intermolecular Forces (Part 2) W. streamed by Wes Winter. 2024 AP Chemistry exam study guides, practice quizzes, live reviews, community support | Fiveable.In this video, Mr. Krug gives a detailed walkthrough of FRQ Question #2 on the 2023 AP Chemistry Exam.00:00 Introduction00:50 Problem WalkthroughStop working and put your pencil down. Close your exam booklet and put your answer sheet faceup on your desk. Make sure your AP ID label and AP Exam label are on your answer sheet. Sit quietly while I collect your answer sheets. Collect an answer sheet from each student.Attached below are all of the released official 2023 AP FRQ prompts for each AP Exam! Please note that for some AP exams, only one set of FRQs were released. If your set isn't shown below, that means yours wasn't one of the main forms and/or you did late testing. Monday, May 1, 2023.Preparing for the Exam. You are strongly encouraged to study outside of class. Start to review early in April. Use a study outline (teacher supplied or your own) to focus on the concepts and skills most likely to be tested. If your teacher offers tutorial sessions, make every effort to attend. Consider studying in groups to go over challenging ...Long-answer questions are worth 10 points each; short-answer questions are worth 4 points each. The questions assess all 6 of the course skills: models and …2024 AP Daily: Practice Sessions. Access these 15-minute videos for most courses* that focus on practicing and preparing to answer free-response and multiple-choice questions on AP Exams. *Practice sessions will not be available for AP 2-D Art and Design, AP 3-D Art and Design, AP Drawing, AP Research, AP Seminar, or AP world language and ...K = − log(6.3 × − 5 10 ) =. 4.20. 1 point. AP® Chemistry 2022 Scoring Guidelines. (h) For a curve that shows a correct starting and half-equivalence point, consistent with part (g): The curve starts at pH ≈ 3.11 and passes through the p K a calculated in part (g) at 5 mL . See example response below. 1 point.2022 AP Score Distributions. See how students performed on each AP Exam for the exams administered in 2022. PDF. 4.42 KB. 2023 AP score distribution tables show the percentages of 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, and 5s for each AP subject for all AP students.Title: AP Chemistry Scoring Guidelines from the 2019 Exam Administration Author: College Board Subject: AP Chemistry Scoring Guidelines from the 2019 Exam AdministrationCorrect Answer: A. Endothermic reactions have the heat on the left side and a positive ΔH. Reactions with an increase in entropy also have a positive ΔS. Because the reaction in choice (A) produces two moles of gas for each mole of solid, it would have a positive ΔS. AP Chemistry Free Practice Question #4. 2N2O5 (g) → 2N2 (g) + 5O2 (g) Part (g) was worth 2 points. Students were asked to make a claim about how the moles of the reactant gas will change when the volume of the system is doubled (TRA-8.B, 5.C) for the first point. The second point was then associated with the subsequent justification of their claim (TRA-8.B, 6.D). Sample: 2A. ….

AP Chemistry; AP Calculus AB; AP Calculus BC; A Level Menu Toggle. A Level Math (9709) A level Bio (9700) ... Therefore, the correct answer is A. I and II only. 2023-May-Chemistry_paper_1__TZ1_SL. Topic:Gas Laws. Calculate: molar mass of a gas according to the following experimental data? ...Score Distributions. Sample Responses Q1. Sample Responses Q2. Sample Responses Q3. Sample Responses Q4. Sample Responses Q5. Sample Responses Q6. Sample Responses Q7. Download free-response questions from past AP Chemistry exams, along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions.👉 Check out the 2023 AP Chemistry Free-Response Section posted on the College Board site. Scoring Guidelines for the AP Chemistry Exam. View an example pair of questions and the corresponding scoring guidelines (page 234) from the College Board to get an idea of what they look for in your responses! The first provided question is a short ...The course will open on March 1st 2023. What? A comprehensive review of the Learning Objectives from the AP Chemistry Course, with guided reading from the AP Chemistry Crash Course book, example questions, hints and tips, a full mock exam with answers, and much more. Most of the modules involve some reading, accompanied by …In this video, Mr. Krug works out the complete solution for the AP Chemistry 2022 Free Response Question #2 with a possible point breakdown.Disclaimer: I am...May 3, 2023 · In this video, Mr. Krug does a step-by-step walkthrough of Question 7 on the Free-Response section of the 2023 AP Chemistry exam.0:00 Introduction0:50 Prob... Most of these questions look intimidating, but they're manageable if you take them one step at a time and break them down into smaller chunks. Here's a review of how to solve free-response questions: Step 1: Figure out what you know. Write down any data that's included in the question. Step 2: Dive into the question.The free-response section of the AP Chemistry Exam consists of 7 questions–3 long and 4 short–that you will have 90 minutes to answer. You should spend about 7 minutes on each short questions and 20 minutes on each long question. Try out the following two free response practice questions. Read More.K = − log(6.3 × − 5 10 ) =. 4.20. 1 point. AP® Chemistry 2022 Scoring Guidelines. (h) For a curve that shows a correct starting and half-equivalence point, consistent with part (g): The curve starts at pH ≈ 3.11 and passes through the p K a calculated in part (g) at 5 mL . See example response below. 1 point. Ap chem 2023 answers, For the correct answer: 1 point. Electron flow should be indicated only in a counter-clockwise direction in the external circuit, from the Cl2 anode to the Mg cathode. (b) For the correct answer and calculated value: No, because 2.0 V is less than 3.73 V, which is the minimum voltage needed for electrolysis to occur. , Attached below are all of the released official 2023 AP FRQ prompts for each AP Exam! Please note that for some AP exams, only one set of FRQs were released. If your set isn't shown below, that means yours wasn't one of the main forms and/or you did late testing. Monday, May 1, 2023. , Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions that require about 9 minutes each to answer and are worth 4 points each. For each question, show your work for each part in the space provided after that part., With our score calculator, you can learn what you’ll need to score a 3, 4, or 5. AP® score calculators are a great way to motivate yourself when you’re studying. You can quickly realize how close you may be to getting the score you want. We recommend you run our calculator regularly in your AP® exam prep, so you can understand where you ..., AP Chemistry Exam Content. The nine units in AP Chemistry, and their weighting on the multiple-choice section of the AP Exam, are listed below. Unit 1: Atomic Structure and Properties 7–9%. Unit 2: Molecular and Ionic Compound Structure and Properties 7–9%. Unit 3: Intermolecular Forces and Properties 18–22%. Unit 4: Chemical Reactions 7 ..., In this video, Mr. Krug does a step-by-step walkthrough of FRQ #6 on the 2023 AP Chemistry Exam.0:00 Introduction0:49 Problem Walkthrough, What makes humans human? How are we different from the other great apes? Find out what makes humans human in this article from HowStuffWorks. Advertisement Scientists speculated in..., Subject Guides. Learn about the AP Chemistry essentials. These are things that you should have memorized to succeed in AP Chemistry. We'll cover everything from nomenclature to energy to significant figures. With this review, you'll be more than ready to tackle AP Chemistry!, AP Chemistry. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket, AP® Chemistry 2023 Scoring Guidelines. Question 4: Short Answer. 4 points. For the correct calculated value: 0.00250 mol CH 3 NH 3 Cl × 67.52 g 1 mol = 0.169 g. 1 point. (b) For a correct description of step 1: , Step 1: N2O5(g) → NO2(g) + NO3(g) Step 2: NO2 (g) + NO3 (g) → NO2(g) + NO(g) + O2(g) Step 3: N2O5(g) + NO(g) → 3NO2(g) Identify which step of the proposed mechanism (1, 2, or 3) is the rate-determining step. Justify your answer in terms of the rate law given. If this experiment was repeated at the same temperature but with twice the ..., 👉 Check out the 2023 AP Chemistry Free-Response Section posted on the College Board site. Scoring Guidelines for the AP Chemistry Exam. View an example pair of questions and the corresponding scoring guidelines (page 234) from the College Board to get an idea of what they look for in your responses! The first provided question is a short ..., 2024 AP Daily: Practice Sessions. Access these 15-minute videos for most courses* that focus on practicing and preparing to answer free-response and multiple-choice questions on AP Exams. *Practice sessions will not be available for AP 2-D Art and Design, AP 3-D Art and Design, AP Drawing, AP Research, AP Seminar, or AP world language and ... , 13 hours ago · Unit 3 - Intermolecular Forces (Part 2) W. streamed by Wes Winter. 2024 AP Chemistry exam study guides, practice quizzes, live reviews, community support | Fiveable. , Just Google AP Chemistry FRQ and you’ll find resources for the past 10 years. You can even look at good responses, medium responses, and bad responses from students. Lastly, the day before the exam (this Sunday) RELAX. Make sure you eat food, drink water, and sleep. Like a big sports event, if your body is prepared you’ll crush it., Directions: Answer Question 1 and Question 2. Answer either Question 3 or Question 4. Write your responses in the Section I, Part B: Short-Answer Response booklet. You must write your response to each question on the lined page designated for that response. Each response is expected to fit within the space provided., May 18, 2021 ... Dr V shares her strategies and tips for completing free response question #6 from the 2018 AP Chemistry exam., Assessment Overview. The AP Chemistry Exam assesses student understanding of the science practices and learning objectives outlined in the course framework. The exam is 3 hours and 15 minutes long and includes 60 multiple-choice questions and 7 free-response questions. Starting with the 2022-23 school year (spring 2023 exam), a scientific or ... , 4. Swirl to dissolve the solid. For the correct step to ensure quantitative dilution: 5. After the solid is dissolved, fill the flask to the calibration ( 200.00 mL ) mark and mix. Total for part (c) (d) For a drawing that shows product formation and indicates the conservation of matter: 1 point., 2023 AP chemistry Questions and Answers - AP Lecture. Total 2. 1. New. Powered by KBoard. Discover the latest updates on the 2023 AP Chemistry exam, …, Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions …, In this video, Mr. Krug does a step-by-step walkthrough of Question 7 on the Free-Response section of the 2023 AP Chemistry exam.0:00 Introduction0:50 Prob..., Here is a quick overview: Section 1: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) You have 90 minutes to answer 60 MCQs. This will count as 50% of your total exam score. A calculator is permitted in this section, starting with the 2023 exam. Section 2: Free Response Questions (FRQ) You have an hour and 45 minutes to answer 7 FRQs., Get the answers to the 2023 AP Chemistry free response questions and ace your exam. Find detailed explanations and solutions to help you understand the concepts and improve your performance in AP Chemistry. ... Here are three sample free response answers for the 2024 AP Chemistry exam: Question 1: Calculate the enthalpy change for the …, 3 days ago ... In this video, Mr. Krug hosts a full-course cram session in the last week before the College Board's 2024 AP Chemistry exam., What makes humans human? How are we different from the other great apes? Find out what makes humans human in this article from HowStuffWorks. Advertisement Scientists speculated in..., During the AP Chemistry symposium, Chief Reader Kyle Beran led a session entitled “Review of the 2023 AP Chemistry Exam.” Kyle presented the results of the 2023 AP Chemistry Exam, along with scoring guidelines and instructional strategies to improve student success on the exam. ... Wrote the correct answer for the mass of CH …, With our score calculator, you can learn what you’ll need to score a 3, 4, or 5. AP® score calculators are a great way to motivate yourself when you’re studying. You can quickly realize how close you may be to getting the score you want. We recommend you run our calculator regularly in your AP® exam prep, so you can understand where you ..., Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. AP Central is the oficial online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org. (i) answer: Accept one of the following: 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 4 s 2 3 d 5. [Ar] 4 s 2 3 d 5. (ii) For the correct answer, consistent with part (a)(i): 4s., AP Chemistry Score Distribution. AP Chemistry is popular among high school students who intend to further their education in science at the college level. In May 2023 alone, 139,448 students worldwide took the exam. Over 75% of students scored a final score of 3 or above. Let’s take a look at the AP Chemistry score distribution for May 2023. , Subject Guides. Learn about the AP Chemistry essentials. These are things that you should have memorized to succeed in AP Chemistry. We'll cover everything from nomenclature to energy to significant figures. With this review, you'll be more than ready to tackle AP Chemistry!, AP FRQ WORKED ANSWER ARCHIVE. Here you’ll find links to worked answers to FRQs from previous AP Chemistry exams. Every released FRQ from 1990 to 2023 has a worked answer. 2020 was a COVID interrupted year, and no formal exam questions were released into the public domain by the College Board, although AP teachers do have access to questions ..., In order to answer this question, students were expected to draw on their knowledge and skills from a number of topic areas in the AP Chemistry curriculum. Some of the topics might have been taught initially in the first-year chemistry course. This question was a good example of the cumulative nature of chemistry. Students who retained