Is the northstar v8 a good engine

Details. 4.6L Northstar Cadillac engine. This part number fits 2000-2002 non-HO applications. Engine VIN code Y, non-high output. This Premium Longblock engine includes block, crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons, timing set, oil pump, camshaft, lifters, bearings, gasket set, cylinder heads, valves and springs.

If you or someone, you know, have been personally victimized by a Northstar engine, please comment belowWe don’t sell them, but we are here to support youThe northstar engine is great until it blowns a head gasket and starts leaking oil and water. If you have one you should start a class action lawsuit, because they have had enormous numbers of problems with that engine. Most problems start about 90k miles. I am amazed that Cadillac can get away with it (they are still producing the northstar ...The Northstar Engine became the standard choice for Cadillacs, giving ammo to the “pro” side in the Northstar engine good vs. bad debate. The 275 horsepower Northstar engine was used on all Cadillacs, while the Deville Concours and the Sevilles were fitted with the higher horsepower 300 hp version. CADILLAC 4.6L Engines. The Cadillac Northstar 4.6 Liter Engine 1994-2011 is a V8 engine designed by Cadillac, a division of General Motors, for use in their luxury vehicles. The base engine consists of: An all-aluminum engine block and cylinder head Dual Overhead Camshafts (DOHC) Variable Valve Timing (VVT) Sequential fuel injection Feb 24, 2011 · 9,808. Location. New Jersey. May 26, 2012. #8. HT-4100 is not a good engine the v8 368 6litre known as the v8-6-4 is not a bad engine its the same design as the 425 7.0 litre and the 500 8.2 litre. the problems were the computer disconnect it and it runs forever.

Take it from someone that has researched it for hours: NO. You need a modified 4L60 or WC T5 from a 3rd gen f-body, an entire new engine management setup, fuel setup, timing setup, new intake manifold gasket and you can only use the pre '98 motors, because after that, the throttle body is cast into the water pump, making it impossible to swap the intake manifold 180 degrees.But arguably the Northstar's most important quality was that it was GM's first-ever overhead-cam V8 design - something that GM's current small-block V8 engines don't have to this day.Based on the Corvette, the Cadillac roadster is powered by a smooth Northstar V8 mated to a five-speed automatic transmission. More. 2009 Cadillac XLR. Compare. View Local Cars for Sale. $17,875 ...The Northstar is a fine engine if you find a good one -- but woe to those buyers who don't know to spot a bad one. Oiling Issues. Far and away, most of the Northstar's issues have to do with oiling. GM fixed a lot of these problems in the 2000 model year, but earlier engines are known to develop leaks around the main seals and valve covers. Oil ...The damage is the part the part that is judgemental. The PCM just shuts off up to 4 cylinders. This will produce less heat. 4 flame are less than 8. The PCM does not cycle all 8 of the cylinders. Just the same 4 all the time. If you think that the engine was designed to be air cooled you are incorrect.Car Model/Year: 2023 Cadillac CT4-V Blackwing. Engine: 3.6L V6 Twin Turbo (LF3, LF4) Posted October 7, 2008. My advice is yes, timesert every hole. It is much easier to do that now while you have the engine open than to have to go back in later. Note also that the head bolts are not re-usable. Bruce.The Aurora's 4.0 L V8. The Aurora came standard with Oldsmobile's 4.0 L (244 cu in) L47 V8 engine, a DOHC engine based on Cadillac's 4.6 L Northstar V8. The Northstar engine and 4T80-E had been exclusive to Cadillac prior to the Aurora. The L47 put out 250 hp (186 kW) at 5600 rpm and 260 lb⋅ft (353 N⋅m) torque at 4400 rpm.Today the engine warning light (outline of engine) came on (in the dash) and shortly after, I started experiencing a clattering noise coming from the engine. It sounds like a diesel, or valves clattering. It does not seem to occur below 2,000 rpm or above 4,000 rpms. I checked the oil and it is OK.

Lucerne V8 models are more competitive, but the outdated four-speed automatic transmission takes some of the spirit out of the Northstar engine and real-world fuel economy often falls well below ...None of the major production engine rebuilders are doing Northstar V8s, and some rebuilders told us certain critical internal parts are unavailable (such as oversize crankshaft bearings). Add to this the fact that the cylinder liners can't be replaced or overbored and it doesn't leave much to rebuild. Even the heads are throw-aways, according ... Cadillac 4.2 liter twin-turbo V-8 LTA engine. The 4.2 liter V8 engine (GM RPO code LTA) is an eight-cylinder, dual overhead cam (DOHC) twin turbo engine produced by General Motors specifically for use in Cadillac luxury vehicles. The engine is the result of a new clean-sheet engine design as well as Cadillac's first twin-turbo V-8 engine. 4. Northstar Excessive Oil Consumption. Northstar engines are known to consume copious amounts of oil. While this is normal for a lot of high-performance V8's it is mostly caused by the engine design. Northstar engines are known to consume up to 1 quart of oil every 500-1,000 miles.The DTS is offered only with the 4.6-liter Northstar V-8 and the STS is offered with GM's 3.6-liter, direct-injection V-6 as its base engine. The Lucerne Super's sole powertrain is the Northstar.The main Northstar engine common problems are low oil pressure, carbon buildup, rear crankshaft seal, valve cover leaks, oil consumption, and blown head gaskets. The Northstar V8's life expectancy is around 200,000 miles or a bit more, but you will have to replace the head gasket at least once before that as it fails soon after 120,000 miles.

S.w. brown obituaries.

Make sure to wisely pick the engine since the Northstar V8 lasts a long time, but it has an issue with the improperly installed power steering hose. Other than that, the 2011 model mostly had positive feedback and ratings with an extremely low number of ownership complaints, so it's the go-to option if you are looking to avoid all those ...B. bentley Discussion starter. 7 posts · Joined 2005. #1 · Aug 5, 2007. Someone who works on Northstar engines said the overheating problem on my 1994 Cadillac STS is due to one of 3 problems – a bad water pump, bad head gaskets, or a bum thermostat. I am looking for second opinions because he thought it probably was the …Order yours today! Engine Mounts. They don't last on the 98-04 Cadillac Seville/STS, the 2000+ Deville/DTS, or the other Northstar cars - Auroras/Bonneville GXP, Lucerne... That's why we developed a what we call the PRC Engine Mount (positive-rubber-compression). Instead of pulling rubber apart when you accelerate, like the OEM mounts are ... We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.

maxrayruss, 12/08/2010. 2000 Cadillac DeVille DTS 4dr Sedan. I purchased this beauty on ebay with 100,000 miles and the car was a super clean Sarasota, Fla car. It has all options and is an eye ...Production of the Northstar V8 engine family ceased after a 17-year-long run in July 2010. ... So if this Black Wing is a good engine great, if not, o well. It doesn't madder what they call it.Our "BulletProof Kit" Contains the best parts to ensure your Northstar repair job is successful and durable. What's included? With this kit you're studding both critical areas of the aluminum engine block and you're also adding the best head gaskets available on the market.May 1, 2005 · Cadillac's '06 440hp Supercharged 4.4L Northstar V-8 Leads The Way In The Brand's Quest To Regain Its Status As A Maker Of World-Class Cars. In the '50s, at the peak of America's post-war ... Sometimes listing the Vin Engine number helps to to locate info. Good Luck! Testimonial: " Excellent response time " Helpful 3 ; ... The Northstar V8 VIN Code 9 or Y is a 4.6L engine. The cylinders are arranged in 2 banks of 4 with a 90 degrees included angle. The left (front) bank of cylinders are number 2-4-6-8 and the right (rear) bank ...STS-V Northstar reliability. As a casual observer who will be on the hunt for an STS-V in a little over a year, I am impressed with the lack of "Northstar issues" reported here in comparison to the older, FWD engines. As a former owner of a self-destructed Northstar, I was a bit hesitant to get back in the game, but the early returns seem very ...ATK Engines Remanufactured Crate Engine for 2000-2002 Cadillac DeVille, Eldorado, & Seville with 4.6L Northstar V8 $4,859.99 Ships directly from the manufacturer on 11/07/19. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for New Cadillac 4.6L L37 Northstar Engine Street Rod/Deville, 300HP 32 Valve V8 at the best online prices at ...Jun 1, 2010 · Northstar blocks and rotating assemblies are fairly stout for factory engines. The blocks essentially split in half at the crankshaft centerline-the lower half acts like a huge, strong girdle with ... The other guys leave all that out. Make VERY sure you use good quality gaskets such as Fel-Pro, or even better: Cometic MLS. If you have a bit of money to spare, go with Cometic- you won't regret it. Fits the following cars with the Northstar 4.0/4.6/4.4 engines (be sure to select your correct year when ordering) 1993 Cadillac AllanteStay away from the 01 and prior. 2006 is very good year for the NorthStar. It was the first year for 292 hp and was the basis for the 4.4 supercharged version in the STS-V. It is the best offering. 02 and up are pretty good, They get a bad rap because people heard of the earlier engines blowing head gaskets.

The Northstar V8 VIN Code 9 or Y is a 4.6L engine. The cylinders are arranged in 2 banks of 4 with a 90 degrees included angle. The left (front) bank of cylinders are number 2-4-6-8 and the right (rear) bank cylinders are 1-3-5-7. Engine firing order is 1-2-7-3-4-5-6-8.

Jan 18, 2022 · The 32 valve V8 Northstar was not an option - it was IT in one of two performance ranges - the ~275 hp 3.11 final drive economy cruiser version and the ~300 hp 3.71 final drive performance version. The 8th character of the VIN gives the powertrain - VIN Y is the cruiser, VIN 9 is the performance. The 1993 Cadillac Allante roadster debuted the 4.6-liter Northstar V8, otherwise known as the last exclusive Cadillac engine. Now, after 26 years, Cadillac gets its own V8 motor again, in the form ...Despite those incredible figures, the range-topping Northstar was outdone a few short years later by the 6.2L V8 LSA Small Block engine in the second-gen CTS-V, which made an even more potent...Tweet. #2. October 23, 2009, 02:32 PM. Re: NorthStar V8 Coil Pack Ignition and Module. I'm sure it could be wired to work. The Nstar module is fed a 24x ref, and uses 2 crank sensors and a cam sensor signal to verify #1 for sequential and fast start. It would probably be a "clean" way to signal a ms system.North star motor swap. :burn:Here's my problem I'm currently swapping a northstar V8 into a 90 Chevy Beretta. I've already modified the front end of the car to accept the motor by moving the front frame rails over 1.75 inch on both sides to make the engine bay wider, notching the strut towers, welding in a strut tower brace that extends to both ...tom, 12/29/2004. 2001 Cadillac DeVille 4dr Sedan (4.6L 8cyl 4A) I've put almost 100,000 highway miles on my 2001 Cadillac Deville and while it rides very well and is a good highway car, it is very ...Northstar V8 power, spacious and comfortable cabin, two tons of traditional American opulence. ... so the inclusion of the Northstar V8 engine is a welcome sight. Standard DeVilles and the DHS get ...The Chevy 5.3 L V8 engine, also known as the Vortec 5.3 or the EcoTec3 is generally looked at as a reliable and trustworthy engine. The Vortec 5300 is a small block V8 that was produced in 1999 for the first time. Across several different generations the 5.3 engine was used in many popular Chevy models such as the Chevy Silverado, the Chevy ...The Aurora's 4.0-liter motor was actually a somewhat smaller version of Cadillac's Northstar V8, which had been designed for use in transverse engine bays by front-wheel drive cars. Sharing many design similarities, the 32-valve motor dropped 40 ponies to offer 250 horsepower and 260 lb-ft of torque. Although the Aurora wouldn't be able to save ...Which Northstar engine years to avoid? Northstar is a trademark Cadillac car, and the engine is a 4.7-liter V8. It has 32 valve configurations, and its 4.0-liter versions are available on different Cadillac variants. General Motors produced these high-performance V8 from 1993 to 2011.

America's best wings greenbelt md.

Kroger pharmacy polk.

Find CADILLAC 4.6L/281 Cadillac Northstar V8 Engines & Components and get Free Shipping on Orders Over $109 at Summit Racing!General Description. The Northstar V8 VIN Code 9 or Y is a 4.6L (279 cu in) engine incorporating two intake and two exhaust valves per cylinder with individual cylinder head mounted camshafts for intake and exhaust functions (DOHC). The cylinder bore diameter is 93 mm (3.66 in) and the piston stroke is 84 mm (3.31 in).Even taking this into consideration, GM was still able to get 300HP out of the L37 with lower compression and smaller valve size. Both transverse engines have …The original L37 features and performance produced 290 horsepower, with the engine topping out at around 300 horsepower. This shows that the Northstar …This Tucker 48 is the fourth replica built by Rob and took about a year to complete. The factory correct body was made from steel and composite material with only the hood being reshaped. Power comes from a Cadillac Northstar V8 and automatic transmission mounted transversely behind the rear seats. The engine makes 550 horsepower thanks to a ...Pros. Northstar V8 power, spacious and comfortable cabin, two tons of traditional American opulence. Cons. Frumpy image, techno-wizardry could prove expensive to repair when the warranty runs out.The Ford 5.0 Modular "Coyote" is an all-new 5.0-liter gasoline V8 engine, which replaced the previous 4.6L / 5.4L Modular versions are in the Ford Mustang GT and Ford F-150 for the 2011 model year. The new 5.0L V8 option was developed with the target of competing with the GM 6.2L V8 engine and the new Chrysler 6.4L Hemi.Although the SRX with its new 3.6-liter V-6 starts at $38,690, our V-8 test mule with rear-wheel drive and few options ran $48,520. The SRX lands over $59,000 with four-wheel drive and all the ...There are no spark plug wires on the 2000-up Northstar engines. They use coil on plug design. If you remove the screws that holds the coil pack to the top of the cam covers, you will see the tops of the spark plugs directly underneath. They are in the center of the cam covers. Jul 23, 2009 •.The Ford 4.6 engine offers a great balance of performance and reliability. Ford also improved the engine over the years and addressed some of the early design flaws. One of our good friends owned 4 different Mustangs with the 4.6L V8 - two Mustang GTs, a 2003 Terminator Cobra, and a Mach1.Lug Nuts, Conical Seat, 12mm x 1.50 RH, Closed End, Black Anodized Steel, Set of 4. Summit Racing Equipment SpeedCard. View Details See if you Prequalify. Find CADILLAC 4.6L/281 Cadillac Northstar V8 Parts and Accessories and get Free Shipping on Orders Over $109 at Summit Racing!Northstar V8 power, spacious and comfortable cabin, two tons of traditional American opulence. ... so the inclusion of the Northstar V8 engine is a welcome sight. Standard DeVilles and the DHS get ... ….

Make sure to wisely pick the engine since the Northstar V8 lasts a long time, but it has an issue with the improperly installed power steering hose. Other than that, the 2011 model mostly had positive feedback and ratings with an extremely low number of ownership complaints, so it's the go-to option if you are looking to avoid all those ...Nothing is perfect, and the Northstar performs beautifully overall, but isn't exactly a standout in terms of durability compared to any other engine. So it's hard to call anything "as good as xxx..." in terms of an engine, but the 3.6L is a great engine and is taking over where a new Cadillac started V8 was to begin, so all will get used to it.Dealer will be at 6,000 plus. The SC 3800 is a much better choice if dependably is a factor. Close in performance to the Northstar, great fuel economy, very easy to service, will easily go 300,000 miles running used fryer oil, yes that unfinicky and resilient of an engine. It was an absolute tragedy GM quit using the 3800. Cadillac 4.2 liter twin-turbo V-8 LTA engine. The 4.2 liter V8 engine (GM RPO code LTA) is an eight-cylinder, dual overhead cam (DOHC) twin turbo engine produced by General Motors specifically for use in Cadillac luxury vehicles. The engine is the result of a new clean-sheet engine design as well as Cadillac's first twin-turbo V-8 engine. As the host points out, the 3.8L 3800 90-degree V6 engine is based on the same tooling as the 215 aluminum V8 produced in the '60s, with a broad variety of iterations released over the years ...STS-V Northstar reliability. As a casual observer who will be on the hunt for an STS-V in a little over a year, I am impressed with the lack of "Northstar issues" reported here in comparison to the older, FWD engines. As a former owner of a self-destructed Northstar, I was a bit hesitant to get back in the game, but the early returns seem very ...Our "BulletProof Kit" Contains the best parts to ensure your Northstar repair job is successful and durable. What's included? With this kit you're studding both critical areas of the aluminum engine block and you're also adding the best head gaskets available on the market.Thanks Jesda for that link to "Anatomy of a Northstar V8 engine" Fantastic insite as to all the inside stuff of the engine, and why's ! I knew that If I was building it myself, I would have chosen certain things, just as Cadillac did, visibly, from the outside, and the owner's manual, BUT, now I know that the inside stuff, is also a continuation,The Northstar V8 actually predates the LS based engine by a solid 3 years, and it was more suited for Cadillacs FWD fleet at the time. It was also doing it’s best to compete with European luxury and technology. Loved my 05 Bonneville GXP. Put 300xxx miles on that baby and never needed a head gasket. Is the northstar v8 a good engine, The 32 valve V8 Northstar was not an option - it was IT in one of two performance ranges - the ~275 hp 3.11 final drive economy cruiser version and the ~300 hp 3.71 final drive performance version. The 8th character of the VIN gives the powertrain - VIN Y is the cruiser, VIN 9 is the performance., Which Northstar engine years to avoid? Northstar is a trademark Cadillac car, and the engine is a 4.7-liter V8. It has 32 valve configurations, and its 4.0-liter versions are available on different Cadillac variants. General Motors produced these high-performance V8 from 1993 to 2011. , The Northstar Engine became the standard choice for Cadillacs, giving ammo to the “pro” side in the Northstar engine good vs. bad debate. The 275 horsepower Northstar engine was used on all Cadillacs, while the Deville Concours and the Sevilles were fitted with the higher horsepower 300 hp version., There are also issues on the later Northstar V8 engines of excessive carbon buildup causing a knock on cold starts, no oil pressure on some of the older engines, leaky rear main seals, and more. ... Anyways, this particular engine is actually really close to being a good engine, but a few flaws put it on this list, and that's the 3VZ-E. ..., Today the engine warning light (outline of engine) came on (in the dash) and shortly after, I started experiencing a clattering noise coming from the engine. It sounds like a diesel, or valves clattering. It does not seem to occur below 2,000 rpm or above 4,000 rpms. I checked the oil and it is OK., Dealer procedure ,believe it or not, was to change the engine if a customer had a Northstar caddy in warranty. Which just kicks the can down the road until THAT motor fails too. Which is a goddamn shame because a Northstar engine actually sounds pretty good at WOT. If it's running right they're decent motors,but fuck fixing them when they break., 2) Depending on the year of the engine, and what features you want, various options for an ECU are possible, from the GM 7730 ECM, LS1 ECM, the ECM that came with the engine, or aftermarket. THe stock Fiero ECU cannot be used. 3) I don't know of any wiring kits for the Fiero, for a Northstar. It is not difficult to mate the Fiero harness and ..., Do you have an oil leak on your Northstar 4.6 equipped Cadillac? There are several common areas these engines will leak from. Valve cover gaskets leak and ..., The Cadillac Northstar V8 engine is an engineering marvel, but with any high-performance engine, there’s always room for improvement. Here’s a …, 1 Nov 2022 ... Merch & Blog: https://www.ZackPradel.com Contact me! Email: [email protected] Phone: (331) 462-0706 Instagram: @Shooting_Cars BFB Test ..., A rebuilt, studded 2002 Northstar is nearly bulletproof. BUT - follow the GM service manual top overhaul or major overhaul procedures - too many special torques and procedures to wing it. Head stud job, $1300 - $2,500 depending on shop and parts. Total overhaul - $3500 - $5000 depending., Engine: Northstar 4.6L V8 (LD8/L37) Report; Share; Posted July 3, 2005. fleetwood_limited, ... Couple that with the relative age and mileage on most of these engines, and I'd say that's a good record. Again, most of us haven't had a single problem (yet). I also like the 3.11 transaxle. I can drive almost 80 mph and still be below 2000 rpm., Engine: Northstar 4.6L V8 (LD8/L37) Posted September 26, 2011. My 2006 is 5.5 years old with 107,865 miles on it. So far so good. I had the coolant changed back in the early summer at about 95.000 miles. Also had the transmission fluid changed at the same time., The engine code letter is the eighth digit of the VIN, which identifies the engine. Stick-on labels attached to the engine, laser etching, or stampings in the engine block indicate the engine unit number/build code date. The engine ID number will be located on the front of RH rocker cover or the RH side of oil pan rail (1), and the VIN ..., Cadillac has had a long history in the automotive marketplace as General Motors' luxury car division. During the 1980s, Cadillac's management wanted to reestablish the brand as a leader in sophistication, innovation, refinement and prestige. Engineers conceived a new dual-overhead cam, four-valve-per-cylinder V-8 engine--the Northstar. This power plant was the heart of Cadillac's Northstar ..., It is the standard engine in the high-performance XLR-V roadster and STS-V sedan. Exceptional smoothness, refinement and drivability were the targets for the 469-hp supercharged Northstar V8, which features an all-new aluminum block design and the most power output for any production Cadillac to date. To ensure tight tolerances and strength ..., Our "BulletProof Kit" Contains the best parts to ensure your Northstar repair job is successful and durable. What's included? With this kit you're studding both critical areas of the aluminum engine block and you're also …, 83683 posts · Joined 2006. #2 · Mar 31, 2008 (Edited) Re: 4.6L Northstar camshaft position sensor. Camshaft position sensor problems aren't common, but the unit is on the belt drive end "front" of the engine, in the face of the right cylinder head, just below and rearward of the power steering pump. You'll see a squarish unit with wire ..., Pros. Available Northstar V8, ample interior space, optional third-row seat, sporty handling. Cons. A few cheap interior materials, love-it-or-hate-it styling, V8 models get expensive quickly., Chevelle. We do not come across many projects using a Northstar V8 anymore. So it was very exciting when we discovered this pro-touring Chevelle while doing research for another article. Under the hood sits a 4.6 L DOHC V8 (1993) with two Scwitzer turbochargers. The owner estimates the combo is good for 600 horsepower and 585 lb-ft …, Engine: Northstar 4.6L V8 (LD8/L37) Report; Share; Posted September 28, 2009. ... Before I took the engine out, the bottom end would give a good rattle when you first started it up, and I was hoping that the new bearings would eliminate this. Unfortunately, it still does it, and I think it's just the nature of the beast. ..., Details. Cadillac 4.6L Northstar Engine. This part number fits 1996-1999 applications except 1998-1999 Seville, they use part number P4192. Engine VIN code 9, high output. This Premium Longblock engine includes block, crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons, timing set, oil pump, camshaft, lifters, bearings, cylinder heads, valves, springs, timing ..., We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us., North star motor swap. :burn:Here's my problem I'm currently swapping a northstar V8 into a 90 Chevy Beretta. I've already modified the front end of the car to accept the motor by moving the front frame rails over 1.75 inch on both sides to make the engine bay wider, notching the strut towers, welding in a strut tower brace that extends to both ..., 2) Depending on the year of the engine, and what features you want, various options for an ECU are possible, from the GM 7730 ECM, LS1 ECM, the ECM that came with the engine, or aftermarket. THe stock Fiero ECU cannot be used. 3) I don't know of any wiring kits for the Fiero, for a Northstar. It is not difficult to mate the Fiero harness and ..., Northstar overheating causes. Someone who works on Northstar engines said the overheating problem on my 1994 Cadillac STS is due to one of 3 problems - a bad water pump, bad head gaskets, or a bum thermostat. I am looking for second opinions because he thought it probably was the head gaskets and that the cost would be over two thousand bucks., Some common Northstar engine problems include head gasket failures, excessive oil consumption, knocking or pinging, oil leaks and no oil pressure. Although most of these issues are easy to resolve, Northstar engines are very expensive to repair, and preventative maintenance is critical. Blown head gaskets are one of the most common problems ..., How to Install a starter on a Northstar enginehttp://www.fixya.com/cars/t11078345-security_light_1999_cadillac_deville, The big news for 1996 is the addition of the Northstar 4.6-liter V8 to the De Ville. The new engine puts out 275-horsepower; a whopping 38 percent increase over the old 4.9-liter V8 under the hood ..., We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us., 19 Mar 2011 ... Possible, yes. Worth it, no. Can make more power with an LT1/LSx/LQx engine and probably be cheaper than a northstar engine., Given that the official recommendation from Cadillac for leaky Northstars is to literally remove the engine from the car and replace ALL seals and gaskets in one operation (and this is a 20-30 hour job depending on which specific YMM), that will get real expensive real fast., 29 Jul 2023 ... Setting cam shaft timing on a 1997 Northstar V8. This applies basically to all Northstars, with minor differences through the years.