National labor union apush definition

- By 1900 it was the largest union While industrialization brought numerous opportunities to workers and dramatically expanded the work force, low wages and dangerous working conditions continued to be a problem. Evaluating the Labor Movement Successes β€’ Workers did form local and national unions that did directly confront

National labor union apush definition. APUSH - Chapter 36 (The Cold War Begins) Teacher 21 terms. scottdesbois. Preview. APUSH Chapter 41 Key Terms. ... became a major factor in the 1950 economy. labor unions represented a large protion of America's work field. After national healthcare lost, bargaining was the way to gain more social secuirty, company-paid health insurance, and a ...

6 points. General Scoring Notes. Except where otherwise noted, each point of these rubrics is earned independently; for example, a student could earn a point for evidence without earning a point for thesis/claim. Accuracy: The components of these rubrics require that students demonstrate historically defensible content knowledge.

APUSH Review: Labor Unions, labor laws, and labor strikes. Knights of Labor. Click the card to flip πŸ‘†. - Under Terence V. Powderly's leadership, they grew rapidly peaking at 730,000 members in 1886. - grew rapidly b/c of combination of their open-membership policy, the continuing industrialization of the American economy, and growth of urban ...Strikebreaker. A strikebreaker (sometimes pejoratively called a scab, blackleg, blackguard or knobstick) is a person who works despite a strike. Strikebreakers are usually individuals who were not employed by the company before the trade union dispute but hired after or during the strike to keep the organization running.National Domestic Workers Union Records. Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) 1968-1985 Records. Records of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 1895-1992. Samuel Gompers papers. Shaun Maloney papers, 1932-2000. Southern Tenant Farmers' Union. Papers 1934-70. Tyree Scott papers, ca. 1970-1995.APUSH Chapter 39 Key Terms and People. 28 terms. mustanggirl. Preview. 35,36,38 history vocab. 32 terms. ... National Guard members responded to the protest by firing into the crown, killing four and wounding many more. ... required construction trade unions to establish "goals and timetables" for the hiring of black apprentices, effectively ...During the Gilded Age, labor increasingly sought to organize local and national unions. One of the first large-scale U.S. unions was the National Labor Union, founded shortly before the start of the Gilded Age. This union sought to organize skilled and unskilled laborers, farmers, and factory workers.Labor Unions, Laws, and Strikes (APUSH) The Knights of Labor. Click the card to flip πŸ‘†. This labor group (led by Terence V. Powderly) accepted unskilled and semiskilled workers, including women, immigrants, and African Americans; the Haymarket Square riot led to its decline, as they were labeled as anarchists. Click the card to flip πŸ‘†. Labor Limps Along. The Civil War gave a boost to labor unions. The National Labor Union, organized in 1866, lasted 6 years and attracted 600,000 members. The purpose of the union was to organize workers across different trades and challenge companies for better working conditions. Black workers formed their own Colored National Labor Union. The ... Bettmann Archive/Getty Images. The labor movement in the United States grew out of the need to protect the common interest of workers. For those in the …

APUSH Ch 28 (Cold War America 1945-1952) Fair Deal. Click the card to flip πŸ‘†. An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress. Click the card to flip πŸ‘†.The National War Labor Board was authorized in March 1918 for the purpose of preventing strikes that would disrupt production in war industries. The first appointments were made the next month. Under the direction of former president William Howard Taft and the labor lawyer Frank Walsh, the board persuaded industry to improve working conditions ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like goals of the national labor union, characteristics of the national labor union, tactics of the national labor union and more.The Smith–Connally Act or War Labor Disputes Act (50 U.S.C. App. 1501 et seq.) was an American law passed on June 25, 1943, over President Franklin D. Roosevelt's veto. The legislation was hurriedly created after 400,000 coal miners, their wages significantly lowered because of high wartime inflation, struck for a $2-a-day wage increase. The Act allowed …1869, founded by Urian Stephens and Terence Powderly. Members were "All who toiled", skilled and unskilled workers, and anyone who worked. The goals were to end child labor, abolition of trust and monopolies, and movement away from capitalism to a more corporative system. Faced the problem of Haymarket Riot.National Trades' Union. United States 1834. Synopsis. Even before the United States' first true labor strike in 1786, unionism developed in the ranks of journeymen. Low wages and unreasonable hours, among other complaints, were common problems. To combat this, one of the workers' greatest weapons was the ability to strike with the support of their union.APUSH Labor Unions. Purpose of Organized Labor. Click the card to flip πŸ‘†. - Workers unite within a trade, industry, or workforce to achieve common goals. - Union leadership negotiates on behalf of union worker members with owners/managers. - Common goals include: higher wages, benefits, improved working conditions. Click the card to flip πŸ‘†.

APUSH Chapter 24. Pacific Railroad Act, 1862. Click the card to flip πŸ‘†. This act was passed in order to create a cross-country railroad that was intended to unite the Union during the civil war. It contracted the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad to build tracks from opposite sides of the U.S. that would meet in the middle.Definition (A): an organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests also known as a labor union More information (B): started in the 18th century and the industrial revolution in Europe, most unions were formed to fight for work fairness Association (C): Industrial Revolution / labor unionsOriginally a secret society in 1869 , the Knights picked up where the National Labor Union had left off. The union united skilled and unskilled laborers in the countryside and cities in one group. Unlike the National Labor Union, the Knights allowed blacks and women among its ranks. Although they did win a series of strikes in their fight ...Terms in this set (12) American system. The practice of manufactoring and then assembling interchangeable parts. a system that spread quickly across american industries, the use of standardized parts allowed american manufacturers to employ cheap unskilled workers. free-labor ideal. social and economic ideal popular in the 1840s and 1850s that ...

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Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like american cities experienced tremendous growth between 1865-1900 because peole were drawn from farms in the country to the cities because, one of the most important factors leading to increased divorce rate of late 19th century was, the place offering great opportunities for women in the USA between 1865-1900 was and more.APUSH REVIEWED! 1890-1912 American Pageant (Kennedy)Chapter 28 ... β€’ Union leaders addressing workers rights ... for laws banning child labor β€’ National Consumers' League headed by Florence Kelley advocated for the rights of women in the work place, laws against child Labor, etc.APUSH Chapter 23 Key Terms. Get a hint. Social Justice Movement. Click the card to flip πŸ‘†. movement to free people from impact of urban life. Lobbied against tenement housing, child labor, and survivor's insurance. Click the card to flip πŸ‘†. 1 / 35.APUSH - New Deal. 14 terms. annaristuccia. Preview. APUSH Chapter 36 (Unit 13) 39 terms. ahmelay922. ... Also known as the National Labor Relations Act, this law protected the right of labor to organize in unions and bargain collectively with employers, and established the National Labor Relations Board to monitor unfair labor practices on the ...

Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like National War Labor Board, Industrial Workers of the World, Nineteenth Amendment and more.This 1869 organization was the first truly national labor union under the direction of Terrence Powderly, who accepted skilled/unskilled workers as well as women and African Americans, in order to pursue a loose goal of cooperative business (workers own the business and vote on what to do), the 8 hour workday, termination of child labor, and equal pay for women/African Americans that ...A second national labor union, the Knights of Labor, began in 1869 as a secret society in order to avoid detection by employers. Because the Knights were loosely organized, however, he could not control local units that decided to strike. The Knights of Labor grew rapidly in the early 1880s and attained a peak membership of 730,000 workers in 1886.APUSH Ch. 15 Notecards. Definition: The Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1870) was a group established by Congress in order to create a functional free labor system. Historical significance: The Freedmen's Bureau was significant because it was given very difficult tasks, such as obtaining equal court treatment for former slaves and whites, establishing ...Knights of Labor. Secret, ritualistic labor organization that enrolled many skilled and unskilled workers but collapses suddenly after the Haymarket Square bombing. Craft Unions. Skilled labor organizations, such as those of carpenters and printers, that were most successful in conducting strikes and raising wages.Women APUSH. Get a hint. Republican Motherhood. Click the card to flip πŸ‘†. An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience Its roots were from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child.- By 1900 it was the largest union While industrialization brought numerous opportunities to workers and dramatically expanded the work force, low wages and dangerous working conditions continued to be a problem. Evaluating the Labor Movement Successes β€’ Workers did form local and national unions that did directly confrontHenry W. Grady, a newspaper editor in Atlanta, Georgia, coined the phrase the "New South" in 1874. He urged the South to abandon its longstanding agrarian economy for a modern economy grounded in factories, mines, and mills. Although textile mills and tobacco factories emerged in the South during this time, the plans for a New South largely ...Workers destroyed nearly $40 million worth of property. The strike galvanized the country. It convinced laborers of the need for institutionalized unions, persuaded businesses of the need for even greater political influence and government aid, and foretold a half century of labor conflict in the United States. 2 . II. The March of CapitalAPUSH: American History Chapter Review Videos; America's History, 8th Edition Chapter Review Videos; American Pageant Chapter Review Videos; Give Me Liberty!, 4th Edition Chapter Review Videos; New APUSH Curriculum. AP US History Curriculum Period Reviews In 10 Minutes! AP US History Curriculum: Period 1 (1491 - 1607)Forty workers went on strike in February, alleging that Google leveraged unfair labor practices to interfere with union organizing. YouTube Music contractors have officially unioni...

(25 labor groups of 150,000 workers joined; 12 national unions, 140,000 affiliated members); strengthened in the late 1890s and early 1900s; 270,000 members in 1897, including 58 national unions; 1.7 million in 1904; 2 million 1914; 2.5 million in 1917, with 11 national unions and 127 locals; 4-5 million in 1920.

APUSH Chapter 24. Pacific Railroad Act, 1862. Click the card to flip πŸ‘†. This act was passed in order to create a cross-country railroad that was intended to unite the Union during the civil war. It contracted the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad to build tracks from opposite sides of the U.S. that would meet in the middle.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Cryptanalysis, Economic Czar, National War Labor Board and more. Try Magic Notes and save time. Try it freeDec 27, 2022 Β· Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR), the 32nd president of the United States, sought to fight the worst parts of the Great Depression through his legislative agenda, nicknamed the New Deal. This changed the role of the federal government in new ways (mostly by expanding it) and changed the alignment of political parties (this is one of two major ... Homestead Strike (1892) The Homestead Strike of 1892 was a violent strike at the Homestead Works in Pittsburgh over a lock out follwing a decision to cut wages by …The first national labor union of note was the Knights of Labor, established in 1869. It originally had eight members and grew to over 700,000 by 1880. ... Labor Union | Definition, History & FunctionAPUSH - New Deal. 14 terms. annaristuccia. Preview. APUSH Chapter 36 (Unit 13) 39 terms. ahmelay922. ... Also known as the National Labor Relations Act, this law protected the right of labor to organize in unions and bargain collectively with employers, and established the National Labor Relations Board to monitor unfair labor practices on the ...odd definitions for APUSH Unit 7 key terms Learn with flashcards, games, and more β€” for free. ... Roman Catholic 'radio priest' who founded the National Union for Social Justice in 1934, he promoted schemes for the coinage of silver and made a Hacks on bankers that carried growing overtones of anti-Semitism, He was one of the first political ...Taft-Hartley Act: The Taft-Hartley Act is a 1947 federal law that prohibits certain union practices and requires disclosure of certain financial and political activities by unions.The Wagner Act definition is a piece of legislation aimed at expanding and protecting workers' rights.Officially called the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, the Wagner Act was one of the ...National Labor Union. 1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers ... banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers. Captains of Industry. Owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary ...

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APUSH Ch 23. Get a hint. Second New Deal. Click the card to flip πŸ‘†. (1935) a new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs. (the 1934-35 programs).Included the WPA, a giant relief agency, and Social Security [6], as well as the NLRA or "Wagner Act" that promoted rapid growth ...A national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers. It was founded in 1886 led by Samuel Gompers for nearly 4 decades. They sought to be negative with employees for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers with better wages, hours, and conditions.political concept popular in the 1840s. formed as a political organization in 1845 by Edwin de Leon and George H. Evans. It advocated free trade, social reform, expansion southward into the territories, and support for republican movements abroad. It became a faction in the Democratic Party in the 1850s. Sen.actions: strikers burned buildings; president hayes sent out troops 2 weeks after strike started. results: over 100 people died, 2/3 of railroads stopped running. caused public hysteria about unions and strikes. Click the card to flip πŸ‘†. 1 / 12.The National Labor Union ( NLU) is the first national labor federation in the United States. Founded in 1866 and dissolved in 1873, [1] it paved the way for other organizations, such as the Knights of Labor and the AFL ( American Federation of Labor ). It was led by William H. Sylvis and Andrew Cameron . APUSH PERIOD 6: 1865-1898 EXPLAINED: Period 6 Key Concept Organizer. GILDED AGE POLITICS: ... Vertical integration, monopoly, Social Darwinism, Gospel of Wealth, Sherman Anti-Trust Act, National Labor Union, Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, Great Railroad Strike, Haymarket Bombing, Homestead Strike, Pullman Strike ... A national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers. It was founded in 1886 led by Samuel Gompers for nearly 4 decades. They sought to be negative with employees for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers with better wages, hours, and conditions. the industrial workforce expanded and child labor increased during the gilded age. As the price of many goods decreased: -workers' real wages increased. -increased access to a variety of goods and services. -Americans' standards of living improved. -the gap between rich and poor grew. The employer. -constantly searched for labor saving machines.Start studying apush terms. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Home. Subjects. Explanations. Create. Study sets, textbooks, questions. ... National labor union that was open to nearly all workers. It was a secret society. They were open to all, therefore more equal than others, but more importantly ...National Labor Relations Act; called Magna Carta of labor because it ensured workers' right to organize and bargain collectively; passage of the act led to a dramatic increase in labor union membership ... APUSH - Labor Unions/Laws/Strikes. 47 terms. Labor Unions. 75 terms. Apush Labor Movements. 89 terms. Unions- Chapter 3. OTHER SETS BY THIS ... ….

APUSH Labor Unions. Purpose of Organized Labor. Click the card to flip πŸ‘†. - Workers unite within a trade, industry, or workforce to achieve common goals. - Union leadership negotiates on behalf of union worker members with owners/managers. - Common goals include: higher wages, benefits, improved working conditions. Click the card to flip πŸ‘†.The National Basketball Association (NBA) records a variety of statistics for each team. Four of these statistics are the proportion of games won (PCT), the proportion of field goals made by the team (FG%), the proportion of three-point shots made by the team's opponent (Opp 3 Pt%), and the number of turnovers committed by the team's ...American Federation of Labor (AFL), federation of North American labour unions that was founded in 1886 under the leadership of Samuel Gompers as the successor to the Federation of Organized Trades (1881), which had replaced the Knights of Labor (KOL) as the most powerful industrial union of the era. The AFL focused on the organization of skilled workers and remained the sole unifying agency ...A woman places a white carnation at the site of the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire at Washington Place and Greene St., where 146 garment workers, mostly immigrant women, died.The Knights of Labor, founded in 1869, was a prominent national labor organization that advocated for the eight-hour day, a graduated federal income tax, as well as other worker protections.The founding of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) by several unions of skilled workers in 1886 marked the beginning of a continuous large-scale labour movement in the United States. Its member groups comprised national trade or craft unions that organized local unions and negotiated wages, hours, and working conditions. Modern developmentsTIME PERIOD 7: 1890 - 1945. An increasingly pluralistic United States faced profound domestic and global challenges, debated the proper degree of government activism, and sought to define its international role. Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic ...The organization achieved its greatest successes during the presidency of social reformer Margaret Dreier Robins.From 1907 to 1922, under Robins's leadership, the organization fought for an eight-hour workday, the establishment of a minimum wage, the end of night work for women, and the abolition of child labour.During the garment industry strikes of 1909-11, league members marched side by ...The 1935 National Labor Relations Act (also known as the Wagner Act) required businesses to bargain in good faith with any union supported by the majority of their employees. Meanwhile, the Congress of Industrial Organizations split from the AFL and became much more aggressive in organizing unskilled workers who had not been … National labor union apush definition, By 1900, 10% of the U.S. population controlled 90% of the nation's wealth. Labor and management battled over wages and working conditions, with workers organizing local and national unions and/or directly confronting business leaders. The industrial workforce expanded and child labor increased., The National Labor Union ( NLU) is the first national labor federation in the United States. Founded in 1866 and dissolved in 1873, [1] it paved the way for other organizations, such as the Knights of Labor and the AFL ( American Federation of Labor ). It was led by William H. Sylvis and Andrew Cameron ., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Cryptanalysis, Economic Czar, National War Labor Board and more. Try Magic Notes and save time. Try it free, National War Labor Board This wartime agency was chaired by former President Taft and 1) aimed to prevent labor disputes by 2) encouraging high wages 3) an eight-hour day. While granting some concessions to labor, it stopped short of supporting labor's most important demand: a government guarantee of the right to organize into unions., Founded in Philadelphia in 1869, the Knights of Labor (KOL) was the largest, most important labor union in the 19 th century United States. Unlike most unions (and predominantly white institutions) then, the KOL opened its membership to African Americans and women workers. Prior to the KOL, nearly all unions consisted of workers in a specific ..., The Greenback Party (known successively as the Independent Party, the National Independent Party and the Greenback Labor Party) was an American political party with an anti-monopoly ideology which was active from 1874 to 1889. The party ran candidates in three presidential elections, in 1876, 1880 and 1884, before it faded away.. The party's …, Terms in this set (20) Boston police strike of 1919. Strike by poorly paid Boston policemen in the fall of 1919. Policemen abandoned their beats and chaos ensued; after two days, Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge called in the National Guard to restore order. Public sympathy lay with Coolidge, demonstrating popular hostility toward labor ..., Terms in this set (12) American system. The practice of manufactoring and then assembling interchangeable parts. a system that spread quickly across american industries, the use of standardized parts allowed american manufacturers to employ cheap unskilled workers. free-labor ideal. social and economic ideal popular in the 1840s and 1850s that ..., Terms : 359982829. Election of 1932. The Republicans nominated Herbert Hoover to run for president in the election of 1932. The Democrats chose Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He had been born to a wealthy New York family and served as the governor of New York. 359982830. Eleanor Roosevelt. FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter., The Knights of Labor, founded in 1869, was a prominent national labor organization that advocated for the eight-hour day, a graduated federal income tax, as well as other worker protections., A woman places a white carnation at the site of the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire at Washington Place and Greene St., where 146 garment workers, mostly immigrant women, died., an agency of the United States government. where. United States. when. April 8, 1918. why. to mediate labor disputes during World War I. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like who, what, where and more., The American Federation of Labor, founded by Samuel Gompers, fares much better. The AFL was a skilled labor union and thus carried a bit more leverage into the negotiating room and was more effective in improving conditions for its members. The Strikes. Labor unions used the strike as a means to combat poor working conditions and low wages., Introduction to the NLRB. The National Labor Relations Board is an independent federal agency that protects the rights of private sector employees to join together, with or without a union, to improve their wages and working conditions., labor union: [noun] an organization of workers formed for the purpose of advancing its members' interests in respect to wages, benefits, and working conditions., Samuel Gompers was the first and longest-serving president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Samuel Gompers is recognized as one of the architects of the labor movement. He developed the structure and characteristic strategies of American unions and effectively used various levers of power to develop the tactics we still see today., Missouri Compromise APUSH Definition. The Missouri Compromise was an agreement reached in 1820 between Northern and Southern states in the United States that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It established the 36Β°30β€² parallel as the dividing line between slave states and free states in the Louisiana Purchase ..., Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. , Labor organizations that typically focused on one type of skilled labor. National Labor Union First attempt to organize all workers in all states and its chief victory was winning the eight-hour day for federal government workers, but it lost support after failed strikes and economic downturns., APUSH Chapter 20 Key Terms. Anthracite Coal Strike. The Coal strike of 1902, also known as the anthracite coal strike, was a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania. Miners were on strike asking for higher wages, shorter workdays and the recognition of their union., Introduction From the earliest days of the American colonies, when apprentice laborers in Charleston, S.C., went on strike for better pay in the 1700s, to the first formal union of workers in 1829 who sought to reduce their time on the job to 60 hours a week, our nation's working people have recognized that joining together is the most effective means of improving their lives on and off the job., Quiz yourself with questions and answers for apush exam 3- anthracite coal (case 17) , so you can be ready for test day. ... labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms. ... Political Action. American Federation of Labor. Knights of Labor. National Labor Union. 5 of 14. Definition. freedom of workers to ..., Digital History ID 3191. It took American labor longer than industrialists to successfully organize on a national basis. By the 1820s, craft workers in the Northeast had organized the first unions to protest the increased use of unskilled and semi-skilled workers in the production process. But these were local organizations., Evaluating the Labor Movement Successes β€’ Workers did form local and national unions that did directly confront growing corporate power β€’ Beginning of a national labor union …, APUSH - Chapter 36 (The Cold War Begins) Teacher 21 terms. scottdesbois. Preview. APUSH Chapter 41 Key Terms. ... became a major factor in the 1950 economy. labor unions represented a large protion of America's work field. After national healthcare lost, bargaining was the way to gain more social secuirty, company-paid health insurance, …, supporters believed: 1) unions were abusing their power; 2) widespread strikes would endanger the nation's vital defense industries; 3) some labor unions had been infiltrated by Communists; 4) employers were being coerced into hiring union workers; opposed by organized labor. United Farm Workers., APUSH Chapter 18 1865-1900. 122 terms. kat_1331. Preview. Chapter 21 study guide. 59 terms. carolinetae888. ... The new union group that organized large numbers of unskilled workers with the help of the Wagner Act and the National Labor Relations Board. Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) ..., National Labor Union (NLU), in U.S. history, a political-action movement that from 1866 to 1873 sought to improve working conditions through legislative reform rather than through collective bargaining. , APUSH Chapter 25. National American Woman Suffrage Movement (NAWSA) Click the card to flip πŸ‘†. movement to allow women to vote in the U.S. It was happening during the late 1800's and early 1900's. The first place to allow total equality was the Wyoming Territory in 1869. There were women's clubs to promote women's suffrage but they excluded ..., The alliance forged a coalition with The Knights of Labor, a national labor union, and also enfolded some members of the Greenback Party within their group, including James Weaver, who later ..., National Labor UnionUnited States 1866SynopsisThe first congress of the National Labor Union (NLU) was held in Baltimore, Maryland, on 20-23 August 1866. The purpose of …, 2. Championed the National Labor Relations Act creating the National Labor Relations Board, which mediated disputes between unions and corporations, and greatly expanded the rights of workers by banning many "unfair labor practices" and guaranteeing all workers the right to form a union. 736357867: Margaret Mead: 1., maj3. 53 terms. ngxx1a. Preview. BPP Contract 3 - Terms (introduction) Teacher 17 terms. Nick_Robson-Hill. Preview. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like national labor union, knight of labor, american federation of labor and more.