Taino zemis

The Taino of the Caribbean islands centered their religion on the worship of zemis, or deities. Shamans (behiques) served as intermediaries between supernatural and natural worlds. They communicated with deities by inhaling cohoba powder, a hallucinogen that was mixed with tobacco to maximize its effect. Carved spoons were used to ladle the ...

Taino zemis. Yúcahu —also written as Yukajú, Yocajú, Yokahu or Yukiyú— was the masculine spirit of fertility in Taíno mythology. He was one of the supreme deities or zemís of the Pre-Columbian Taíno peoples along with his mother Atabey who was his feminine counterpart. Dominant in the Caribbean region at the time of Columbus’ First voyages of ...

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Duho. Duho or seat made from a single piece of wood, representing an anthropomorphic figure with sculptured head and engraved geometric designs on the back, used for the cohoba ritual. The Duho was also used by the cacique while watching the ball game played by the Tainos. The head represented the deification of the dog called….The Taíno are pre-Columbian indigenous inhabitants of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and some of the Lesser Antilles.Their name Taino comes from their encounter with Christopher Columbus.Other Europeans arriving in South America called the same culture of people Arawak from the word for cassava flour, a staple of the race. Their language is a member …Other articles where zemi is discussed: Native American art: Regional style: West Indies: …form represented the spirits (zemi) of the land. The Taino culture is famous for these zemi carvings, which are found in many of the islands, notably Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. Carved stone pestles with human and animal designs are also common, along with strange “stone collars”—oval carvings ...Zemi figures, believed to represent dead ancestors, were common in the Caribbean in the pre-Hispanic period. They continued to be used during the first decades after the arrival of the Europeans. However, Spaniards in the New World often destroyed zemis, since they saw zemi-worship as impeding native Taíno conversion to Catholicism. Three-pointer stones and celts. Taíno artist, Three-Cornered Stone (Trigonolito), 13th–15th century C.E., limestone, from the Dominican Republic ( The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Common objects produced by the Taíno include zemís, duhos (wooden ritual seats), three-pointer stones, and celts. Three-cornered stones can be small enough to ...

Taíno spirituality centered on the worship of zemis (spirits or ancestors). Major Taíno zemis included Atabey and her son, Yúcahu. Atabey was thought to be the zemi of the moon, fresh waters, and fertility. Other names for her included Atabei, Atabeyra, Atabex, and Guimazoa.Zemis y religión. Los taínos adoraban a dos dioses principales, Yúcahu, el señor de la yuca y el mar, y Atabey, su madre y diosa del agua dulce y la fertilidad humana.Yúcahu y Atabey, así como otros dioses menores asociados con las fuerzas naturales, fueron adorados en forma de zemís, figuras escultóricas que representaban dioses o antepasados.Facebook’s “Supreme Court” is now accepting comments on one of its earliest and likely most consequential cases. The Facebook Oversight Board announced Friday that it would begin a...Updated: 11/21/2023. Table of Contents. History of the Taino Religion. Taino Gods and Goddesses. Taino Mythology and Creation Story. Lesson Summary. Frequently Asked Questions. What is the...Gallery. Conch shell internal part, named columela, with spires attached which were used as scrappers. As scrapper they were used for…. The central inner part of gasteropods like Strombus giga was used to make tools like points. Here is the end…. Silex stones were broken into massive chunks which were then shaped into prismatic cores from ...Manatee bone. Measures 2 5/8 inches. Taino Culture c600-1500AD. Hispaniola. Private collection. Curated by Larry Roberts author of “Taino Sculptures, Art of the Gods”. “Taino Hallucinogenic Implements Inhaling the Cosmic Dust” and newly released “Taino Zemis and Other Heads of State, ReDiscovering Caribbean Art”. BS.Taino zemis In 1495, during his second voyage to the Car- ibbean, Christopher Columbus was one of a handful of Europeans to observe a religious rite of the indigenous Taino (Arawak) inhabitants of Hispaniola (Bourne 1906: 171-2; Columbus 119691: 192). Central to this ritual was the role of wooden ‘idols’, zemis, which the Taino ap-Zemis Taino, Taino Museum, Zemis. Info:Zemis collection. Zemies represented deities and each social group could choose their own zemies. There could exist rivalries among the various zemies. Zemies were manufactured from …

Wild and his collaborators have recovered numerous beads and zemis, or stone carvings of deities, that strongly resemble pictures of beads and Taino gods drawn in a book found at another site.Helios Underwriting News: This is the News-site for the company Helios Underwriting on Markets Insider Indices Commodities Currencies StocksGuabancex. Guabancex is the zemi or deity of chaos and disorder in Taíno mythology and religion, which was practiced by the Taíno people in Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Cuba, as well as by Arawak natives elsewhere in the Caribbean. She was described as a mercurial goddess that controlled the weather, conjuring storms known as ...Maquetaurie is the other one I was already familiar with to some degree. Someone I knew online years ago wrote him up as a deity in a Caribbean-based homebrew setting for Pathfinder, though he spelled him Maketaori. That was the first time I'd ever heard of the Zemis or of Taino myth. He sounds a lot like Yamaraja.

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Extract. Three carved wooden images have come to light in Jamaica, the most important find of Taíno carvings for two centuries from that island. Their discovery prompts a reconsideration of Taíno zemís, and their placing into the known context of the Caribbean region, with its South American links. Type. Papers.They were also spiritual people, and they centered their worship on deities, spirits or their ancestors, who were known as Zemis. They had two main deities who they worshipped that were referred to as: Yúcahu , the lord of yuca and the sea; as well as Atabey , his mother, who was the goddess of fresh water and fertility (Plato 13).Zemis also seemed to exert some control over the forces of nature. Little evidence remains of the spiritual crisis that the Spaniards’ widespread destruction of zemis must have precipitated, as it was overshadowed by the deaths brought about by imported European diseases and forced labor. Few Taíno survived the terrible plagues of the early ...Advertisement When Columbus arrived with the Spanish at the end of the 15th century, they were all struck by how little the native Taíno people wore. Many were completely naked, wh...Bone Anthropic pendant with unusual hair Bundle. Subject is kneeling in a reverent pose with a tooth filled smile. Manatee Bone. Length . Taino Culture c600-1500AD. Hispaniola. Private Collection. Curated by Larry Roberts author of “Taino Sculptures, Art of the Gods”. “Taino Hallucinogenic Implements Inhaling the Cosmic Dust” and newly released “Taino … NMAI/107464. The idol, a statue of a Taíno “cemi” (deity) identified as Boinayel, was carved into a stalagmite in a cave known locally as the Cave of Water or the Diety’s Cave in La Patana, Cuba. Photo by Mark Harrington, “Cuba Before Columbus,” NMAI/01371. Petroglyphs found in the same cave as the idol, La Patana, Cuba.

The Taíno spoke a dialect of the Arawakan language group. They lived in agricultural societies ruled by caciques with fixed settlements and a matrilineal system of kinship and inheritance. Taíno religion centered on the worship of zemis. Quick Facts Regions with significant populations, Languages ...Advertisement Before the Spanish arrived, the Taíno diet consisted mainly of corn, birds, fruit, capsicum peppers and seafood. The colonists opened a new world to the natives when ...Personal habits. Work habits. We all have good and bad habits. The key to making bad habits good is to recognize them. Read this article to identify your own bad marketing habits a...THE IMPACT OF GEOMORPHOLOGY ON TAINO UTILIZATION OF CEREMONIAL SITES Katharine Schwantes, B.S. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 2011 The Classic Taíno culture was spread across Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. Their shamanistic religious beliefs included spirits and gods, referred to as zemís, which were tied into the landscape.Zemi: [noun] a Naga people found chiefly in the Barail area of the Assam-Burma frontier region.Creative sculptural expression for the Taíno peoples was intertwined with spirituality, ceremony, and political power. Spanish accounts describe how zemí figures were used as stands, reliquaries, or personal adornment.The Taino gods were often depicted as zemis, which were small wooden idols that represented the spirits of the gods. The Taino people would offer gifts and sacrifices to these idols to appease the gods and gain their favor. The Taino religion was a polytheistic one, meaning that they believed in many gods and goddesses.Yúcahu —also written as Yucáhuguama Bagua Maórocoti, Yukajú, Yocajú, Yokahu or Yukiyú— was the masculine spirit of fertility in Taíno mythology. He was the supreme deity or zemi of the Pre-Columbian Taíno people along with his mother Atabey who was his feminine counterpart. Dominant in the Caribbean region at the time of Columbus’ First …

The Taino believed in numerous deities and the afterlife and maintaining contact with the spirit world through possession of artefacts known as zemis and ritual cohoba ceremonies.

While many zemís, were used as cohoba stands, the word “zemí” in the Taíno language refers to “a spiritual and vital force pertaining to deities and ancestors;” [2] meaning that zemís were also imbued with spiritual, …Physical Zemis “Zemi” also refers to objects or drawings that represented spirits. Most of these totems were carved from wood, but stone, bone, shells, and cotton were also used to make zemis.The Taino coqui tattoo, which represents the Puerto Rican coqui, the frog, displays an encircled leaping frog – a symbol of longevity. Similar Puerto Rican warrior symbols include lizards, turtles, and snakes – each which translated to survival and strength. Today, Puerto Ricans display Taino tattoos to express their pride in their Native ...Who are the major zemis of the Taino religion? Spirituality. Taíno spirituality centered on the worship of zemís. A zemí is a spirit or ancestor. The major Taíno zemis are Atabey and her son, Yúcahu. Atabey, was the zemi of the moon, fresh waters, and fertility. Other names for her include, Guabancex, Atabei, Atabeyra, Atabex, and Guimazoa.The Taino worshipped zemis and caciques. Zemis refers to small, usually stone, objects that were believed to possess spiritual power and were worshipped as deities. These zemis were often associated with natural elements like water, earth, and fertility. Caciques, on the other hand, were the political and religious leaders of the Taino society.Yúcahu [1] —also written as Yucáhuguama Bagua Maórocoti, Yukajú, Yocajú, Yokahu or Yukiyú — was the masculine spirit of fertility in Taíno mythology. [2] He was the supreme deity or zemi of the Pre-Columbian Taíno people along with his mother Atabey who was his feminine counterpart. [3] Dominant in the Caribbean region at the time ...Taino Gods: How the Caribbean Sea Was Born (Also in Spanish) by Osvaldo Garcia-Goyco. ... On Zemis from Santo Domingo by J. Walter Fewkes. Boletin del Museo del Hombre Dominicano #5 por Jose A. Caro Alvarez, Jose Juan Arrom, Irving Rouse, et. al.The Taino of the Caribbean islands centered their religion on the worship of zemis, or deities.Shamans (behiques) served as intermediaries between supernatural and natural worlds.They communicated with deities by inhaling cohoba powder, a hallucinogen that was mixed with tobacco to maximize its effect.Carved spoons were used to ladle the powder, …

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Speaking through Taíno spiritual leaders in trances, Puerto Rico’s ancestors repeatedly warned before last year’s devastating hurricanes to take care, algo viene, something is coming. These spiritual phenomena are an important strand of the Taíno resurgence, as descendants of the supposedly extinct Caribbean Indigenous peoples recover from the hurricane of European colonialism. This ...Speaking through Taíno spiritual leaders in trances, Puerto Rico’s ancestors repeatedly warned before last year’s devastating hurricanes to take care, algo viene, something is coming. These spiritual phenomena are an important strand of the Taíno resurgence, as descendants of the supposedly extinct Caribbean Indigenous peoples recover from the …Yúcahu —also written as Yucáhuguama Bagua Maórocoti, Yukajú, Yocajú, Yokahu or Yukiyú— was the masculine spirit of fertility in Taíno mythology. He was the supreme deity or zemi of the Pre-Columbian Taíno people along with his mother Atabey who was his feminine counterpart. Dominant in the Caribbean region at the time of Columbus’ First …Zemis represented not the power of the person in possession or ownership of the Zemi, but the allies the person could consult and have access too. This provided a way for every Taino to have access to the spiritual world. As religion is referred to us today through Christ, we as Christians have access to god to call upon him for healing and ...Back to the list of cultures The Taíno are a culture available in the Medieval Era, with the Agrarian culture focus. "For the Taíno, the paucity of the lands are no impediment to a thriving agriculture, much to the envy of their neighbors." Can attract 1Population from each adjacent Territory's City or Outpost. It will create a Grievance against you for each impacted Empire. This action will ...George A. Aarons, “The Jamaican Taino: The Aboukir Zemis, Symbols of Taino Philosophy, Mysticism and Religion”, Jamaica Journal 25, no. 2 (1994): 15. Wayne Modest, “Material Bridges: Objects, Museums and New Indigeneity in the Caribbean”, in Anthropology, Indigenous Scholars and the Research Endeavour: Seeking Bridges …Updated: 11/21/2023. Table of Contents. History of the Taino Religion. Taino Gods and Goddesses. Taino Mythology and Creation Story. Lesson Summary. Frequently Asked Questions. What is the...NMAI/107464. The idol, a statue of a Taíno “cemi” (deity) identified as Boinayel, was carved into a stalagmite in a cave known locally as the Cave of Water or the Diety’s Cave in La Patana, Cuba. Photo by Mark Harrington, “Cuba Before Columbus,” NMAI/01371. Petroglyphs found in the same cave as the idol, La Patana, Cuba.Extract. Three carved wooden images have come to light in Jamaica, the most important find of Taíno carvings for two centuries from that island. Their discovery prompts a reconsideration of Taíno zemís, and their placing into the known context of the Caribbean region, with its South American links. Type. Papers. ….

Central to this ritual was the role of wooden ‘idols’,zemis, which the Taino appeared to worship, and which the Spanish regarded as evidence of pagan idolatry (Columbus [19691: 154). Wooden image-zemis have been found throughout the Greater Antilles, notably in the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Cuba (Fewkes 1907: 197-202; Loven 1935: 598-602).This simply written, amply illustrated bilingual book about Classic Taíno ceremonies, myths, rituals, and zemís (spirit guides) is for today’s Taíno descendants and those of the future, as well as for anyone with a thirst to know more about the Indigenous people who discovered Christopher Columbus and his men when the Europeans landed on the shores of their Caribbean islands in 1492 The ...Zemis are idols that the people worshipped as eternal gods. There are two, Iocauna and Guamaonocon. They were important because they united these people together at the worships and gatherings. Pane says the Taino told him that men left the caves “without their women.” How did women come to populate the earth?Zemi, front view, ca. 1510-15.Archivo Fotografico del Museo Preistorico Etnografico “Luigi Pigorini,” Rome, Italy. Photograph by Lorenzo Demasi. Zemi figures were common in the Caribbean in the pre-Hispanic period and continued to be used during the first decades after the arrival of the Europeans. They were associated with the sacred, and ... Yúcahu [1] —also written as Yucáhuguama Bagua Maórocoti, Yukajú, Yocajú, Yokahu or Yukiyú — was the masculine spirit of fertility in Taíno mythology. [2] He was the supreme deity or zemi of the Pre-Columbian Taíno people along with his mother Atabey who was his feminine counterpart. [3] Dominant in the Caribbean region at the time ... A zemi or cemi was a deity or ancestral spirit, and a sculptural object housing the spirit, among the Taíno people of the Caribbean. Cemi’no or Zemi’no is a plural word for the spirits. They were venerated on the Greater Antilles The Taino believed in numerous deities and the afterlife and maintaining contact with the spirit world through possession of artefacts known as zemis and ritual cohoba ceremonies. As they left no written records and their language is extinct, knowledge of Taino culture in Jamaica is confined to knowledge of their settlements, artisan skills ... Maquetaurie is the other one I was already familiar with to some degree. Someone I knew online years ago wrote him up as a deity in a Caribbean-based homebrew setting for Pathfinder, though he spelled him Maketaori. That was the first time I'd ever heard of the Zemis or of Taino myth. He sounds a lot like Yamaraja.Hilton has announced that the Zemi Miches All-Inclusive Resort, Curio Collection will open for guests in 2024 in the Dominican Republic. We may be compensated when you click on pro... Guabancex. Guabancex is the zemi or deity of chaos and disorder in Taíno mythology and religion, which was practiced by the Taíno people in Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Cuba, as well as by Arawak natives elsewhere in the Caribbean. She was described as a mercurial goddess that controlled the weather, conjuring storms known as ... Taino zemis, NMAI/107464. The idol, a statue of a Taíno “cemi” (deity) identified as Boinayel, was carved into a stalagmite in a cave known locally as the Cave of Water or the Diety’s Cave in La Patana, Cuba. Photo by Mark Harrington, “Cuba Before Columbus,” NMAI/01371. Petroglyphs found in the same cave as the idol, La Patana, Cuba. , Zemis y religión. Los taínos adoraban a dos dioses principales, Yúcahu, el señor de la yuca y el mar, y Atabey, su madre y diosa del agua dulce y la fertilidad humana.Yúcahu y Atabey, así como otros dioses menores asociados con las fuerzas naturales, fueron adorados en forma de zemís, figuras escultóricas que representaban dioses o antepasados., The Earliest Inhabitants aims to promote Jamaican Taínan archaeology and highlight the diverse research conducted on the island's prehistoric sites and artefacts. Of the fourteen papers in this volume, six are reprints of seminal articles that are not widely available and eight are based on recent archaeological research., zemis were kept on tables at their owners’ home. To the Tainos, the zemis controlled various functions of the universe. There were three primary religious practices: the religious worship of the zemis themselves, the services performed by medicine men seeking advice and healing procedures from the zemis. Religious agricultural feasts were offered , Size: 6.125" L x 4.5" W x 6.375" H (15.6 cm x 11.4 cm x 16.2 cm) Taino art is comprised of many cult objects associated with the worship of "zemis". The term zemi refers to deities, ancestors, or earth spirits. The Zemi (or Cemi) head, with its characteristic three cardinal points, is a fundamental symbol in the Taino religion., Advertisement Like many traditions that have survived in the Dominican Republic, the cuisine is a blend of Spanish, African and even Taíno influences. The particular type of cuisin..., Zemis were depicted as anthropomorphic, zoomorphic and even anthropozoomorphic icons made of a variety of material that included bone, clay, coral, cotton, shell, stone and wood (Oliver, 1997 ..., Some zemis held bones of revered ancestors, yet others were created of specially endowed materials. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spaniards sent some zemis back to Europe as "curiosities"and "specimens" and the zemi included in the Vistas gallery is one such work, but they destroyed others (seeing in them deviltry). Even so, because zemis ..., For those who are unfamiliar with the term “Taino,” it refers to “the Arawakan-speaking peoples of the Caribbean who arrived from South America over the course of 4,000 years,” according to an article in National Geographic. ... Perhaps the best-known artifacts are Zemis, faces of humans and animals that are thought to represent spirits, Taíno spirituality centered on the worship of zemis (spirits or ancestors). Major Taíno zemis included Atabey and her son, Yúcahu. Atabey was thought to be the zemi of the moon, fresh waters, and fertility. Other names for her included Atabei, Atabeyra, Atabex, and Guimazoa., If you’re planning a trip to bonnie Scotland, check out these 10 magical hotels for a wee bit of inspiration for your travels. We may receive compensation from the products and ser..., Adopting ancient Taino traditions to our modern world, Jarina de Marco shows us the importance of paying homage to our ancestors. Subscribe to BESE: http://b..., Taíno is an extinct Arawakan language that was spoken by the Taíno people of the Caribbean.At the time of Spanish contact, it was the most common language throughout the Caribbean.Classic Taíno (Taíno proper) was the native language of the Taíno tribes living in the northern Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and most of …, Manatee bone. Measures 2 5/8 inches. Taino Culture c600-1500AD. Hispaniola. Private collection. Curated by Larry Roberts author of “Taino Sculptures, Art of the Gods”. “Taino Hallucinogenic Implements Inhaling the Cosmic Dust” and newly released “Taino Zemis and Other Heads of State, ReDiscovering Caribbean Art”. BS., Jul 4, 2018 · The Taino didn’t have a written language, but they did have an elaborate culture. They grew crops including beans, yuca, maize, sweet potatoes, and more. They knew how to extract cyanide from the yucca plant, and even made pepper gas to use during the war. Tainos utilized natural medicine to treat their people. , Jan 2, 2015 · Tainos of Jamaica: the Aboukir zemis, Jamaica Journal 25 (2): 11 ... Probable tree identities of Taino sculptures. Letter to Dorrick Gray, JNHT, 22 June 1994 ... , For the Taino, the term zemi can refer to a deity or ancestral spirit as well as the object or sculpture containing the spirit. The sculptures appear in a range of sizes and can be made of a variety of materials including wood, stone, bone, shell, or ceramic, as seen here. Zemis provided a powerful connection to the spiritual realm that could ... , Click READ MORE for English Las esculturas conocidas como trigonolitos tenían una conexión simbólica a la yuca (o mandioca), un tubérculo de cultivo integral en el Caribe. Estas esculturas poseen múltiples funciones y aparecen en varios tamaños, desde portátiles hasta bastante grandes., An HVAC tax credit can help you save money on your tax dues and energy bills. Learn if you qualify with our 2023 guide to HVAC tax credits. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Vid..., Taíno is an extinct Arawakan language that was spoken by the Taíno people of the Caribbean.At the time of Spanish contact, it was the most common language throughout the Caribbean.Classic Taíno (Taíno proper) was the native language of the Taíno tribes living in the northern Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and most of …, - Regular Taino - Round house hut called CANEYE - Cacique/cheif - Rectanular hut called BOHTO-There were no furniture in the houses except for the hammock, zemis and clay pots. Who was the Cacique and state his responsibilites., The Taino were the first people of the New World to encounter the Europeans as they expanded westwards, and soon were to face harsh slavery and virtual extinction. However they were not fully exterminated, as history has led us to believe. In 1655 when the English expelled the Spaniards, Tainos were still recorded as living in Jamaica. , Polytheistic pioneers, the Tainos worshipped a pantheon of deities, or “zemis” as they called them, each imbued with its own essence of power and wonder. At the heart of their spiritual cosmos stood Atabey, the Goddess of Freshwater Fertility, whose nurturing embrace sustained life itself. ... the Taino gods were more than mere …, Taino, Arawakan-speaking people who at the time of Columbus’s exploration inhabited what are now Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. ... What did the Taino believe about the god zemis? The Taíno believed that zemis, gods of both sexes, represented by both human and animal forms, provided protection. 1 of 5 ..., While many zemís, were used as cohoba stands, the word “zemí” in the Taíno language refers to “a spiritual and vital force pertaining to deities and ancestors;” [2] meaning that zemís were also imbued with spiritual, ancestral, and supernatural forces. Art historian James Doyle explains this process further:, Obiectele religioase Tainos numite Zemis. O țară (de asemenea, țară, zeme sau cemi) este un termen colectiv în cultura Taíno (Arawak) din Caraibe pentru "lucru sacru", un simbol al spiritului sau o efigie personală. Taíno au fost oamenii întâlniți de Christopher Columbus când a pus primul picior pe insula Hispaniola în Indiile de Vest. ..., Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for VTG TAINO CARIBBEAN ZEMIS PETROGLYPHS OIL PAINTING ART MID CENTURY MODERN at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products! ... Taino Art Sculptures, Oil Painting Paris Modernism Art Paintings, Oil Painting Modernism Original Art Paintings,, Walker, Jeffery B. "Stone Collars, Elbow Stones, and Three-Pointers, and the Nature of Taino Ritual and Myth." PhD diss., Washington State University, 1993. Oliver, José R. Caciques and Cemí Idols: The Web Spun by Taíno Rulers Between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, ca. 2009. Doyle, James., The Taíno are pre-Columbian indigenous inhabitants of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and some of the Lesser Antilles.Their name Taino comes from their encounter with Christopher Columbus.Other Europeans arriving in South America called the same culture of people Arawak from the word for cassava flour, a staple of the race. Their language is a member …, Info:Small stone zemi. Shamans played an important role in Taíno society as medical practitioners, using an hallucinogenic preparation named "Cohoba" to get in trance and to contact the spirits for help to determine the cause of the illnesses. The Shaman recited sacred chants accompanied of maracas to play a rhythm. He produced a stone amulet ..., Personal habits. Work habits. We all have good and bad habits. The key to making bad habits good is to recognize them. Read this article to identify your own bad marketing habits a..., The Taíno used the music to recall and to recount their history, for celebrations and special events, and to communicate with their spiritual guides, their zemís to cure illnesses, for protection against them and endeavor storms from Mother Nature. Taíno also used their music to have rain when they needed good crops, to hunt, and to fish. In ..., For small businesses, it is important they are aware of supply chain disruption. 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